What is hammer toe?
When a person has hammer toe, the end of their toe bends downward and the middle joint curls up. Over time, the toe gets stuck in a stiff, claw-like position.
Hammer toe usually affects a person’s second toe (the toe next to the big toe). But it can affect other toes, too.
Symptoms
The main symptom of hammer toe is a toe that is bent upward at the middle joint. At first you may still be able to straighten out your toe. But over time, it will become painful and harder to do.
When the inside of your shoe rubs against a hammer toe, corns, blisters or calluses may form. They may form on top of the toe or on the bottom of your foot. This can make walking painful, especially with shoes on. You may also have pain in the joint where your big toe joins your foot.
Causes
The most common cause of hammer toe is wearing short, narrow shoes that are too tight. This causes the toe to bend upward. Muscles and tendons in the toe tighten and become shorter. This makes the toe stay in the bent position.
People who are born with long bones in their toes are more likely to develop hammer toe. Children who wear shoes they have outgrown may develop this condition. People who wear very narrow shoes or high-heeled shoes are also more likely to develop a hammer toe.
Sometimes, pressure from a bunion can cause hammer toe. Rheumatoid arthritis also can increase your risk.
Diagnosis
Your doctor will be able to diagnose hammer toe by doing a physical examination of your foot.
Prevention
Avoid wearing shoes that are narrow or don’t fit well. Also, don’t wear heels higher than 2 inches. Instead, choose shoes with a wide toe box that give you ½ inch between the end of your longest toe and the inside tip of the shoe.
To prevent hammer toe in children, check often to make sure your child’s shoes fit, especially when he or she is having a growth spurt.
Treatment
If the affected toe is still flexible, you may be able to treat it by taping or splinting the toe to hold it straight. Your family doctor can show you how to do this.
You may need to do certain exercises to keep your toe joints flexible. For example, you may need to move and stretch your toe gently with your hands. You can also exercise by picking things up with your toes. Small or soft objects, such as marbles or towels, work best.
If your toe becomes painful, you can apply an ice pack several times a day. This can help relieve the soreness and swelling. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (also called NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen (two brand names: Advil, Motrin) or naproxen (one brand name: Aleve), may be helpful. If your pain and swelling are severe, your doctor may need to give you a steroid injection in the toe joint.
Will I need surgery?
If you have a severe case of hammer toe or if the affected toe is no longer flexible, you may need surgery to straighten your toe joint. Surgery usually requires only a local anesthetic (numbing medicine for the affected area). It is usually an outpatient procedure. This means you don’t have to stay in the hospital for the surgery.
Living with hammer toe
If your hammer toe is not severe, there are things you can do help your symptoms.
- Wear the right size shoe. Try to avoid shoes that are too tight or too narrow.
- Avoid high heels as much as you can.
- Wear shoes with soft insoles or purchase soft insoles you can insert into your shoes. This will help relieve pressure on the toe.
- Protect the joint that is sticking up by using corn pads or felt pads.
Questions to ask your doctor
- What is the likely cause of my hammer toe?
- How do I know that my or my child’s shoes fit correctly?
- What is the best treatment option for me? Will I need surgery?
- How long before I can expect relief from my symptoms?
- Is it possible that my symptoms could return, even after treatment?
- Is it safe for me to exercise? What kind of shoes should I wear?
Last Updated:
This article was contributed by: familydoctor.org editorial staff
Categories: Family Health, Women
Tags: C-shaped, claw, deformity, foot, hammer toe, joint, soreness, tendon, toe
Copyright © American Academy of Family Physicians
This information provides a general overview and may not apply to everyone. Talk to your family doctor to find out if this information applies to you and to get more information on this subject.
