Science of Candy: Caramelization & Caramels | Exploratorium (2024)

FAQs

What is the science behind caramel candy? ›

The caramel color of caramels comes from a reaction between the sugar and the protein in cream. Called the Maillard reaction, it's the same chemical process that happens when you toast nuts, barbecue meats , or put on self-tanning lotion.

What Is Caramelization? Caramelization is a slow cooking process that occurs when sugar is cooked over low heat, causing a change in both appearance and flavor. Through a process called pyrolysis, during caramelization, the sugar in a food oxidizes, taking on a brown color and a rich, slightly sweet and nutty flavor.

Heating up the solution forces the sucrose molecules to break up and caramelize. But when we do that, the sugar molecules really want to crystallize back into their solid form. Candy-makers use that crystallization process, and some strategic interference, to create the candies that we know and love.

Caramels are the chewy candies you are familiar with. They're made by cooking sugar, cream, corn syrup, and butter to 245° F. Their brown color comes from a reaction between the sugar and the protein in the cream. This reaction is called the Maillard reaction, after the French scientist who discovered it.

While caramelization can be achieved by simply heating sugar, other ingredients including butter, milk, and vanilla are often added afterward to produce a thick, creamier caramel used in sauces, drizzles, candies, and classic caramel apples.

Generally, “caramel” is defined as a chewy, light-brown candy made from butter, sugar, and milk or cream. For example: I love eating caramels because they are soft and chewy. In contrast, “Carmel,” is used as a proper noun, and it is a popular beach town in California, known as Carmel-by-the-Sea.

Caramel is made by heating sugar to the point where it melts, causing a breakdown of sucrose molecules into different flavor compounds. Think about the flavorless sweetness of white granulated sugar and the deep, dark complexity of caramel sauce.

When milk or butter is added before heating the sugar, the milk sugars themselves can caramelize, producing a slightly different flavor and texture. Adding milk or butter helps achieve a chewy caramel texture, as opposed to hard candy.

At the heart of candy-making is sugar. The type, quantity, and crystalline structure of sugar used significantly impact a candy's taste and texture. Candy-making is a temperature-sensitive process. The way sugar is heated and cooled can result in a variety of sweets, from hard candies to gooey caramels.

What is the principle of candy making? ›

The technology of candy making is based on the science and art of altering sugar, the principal ingredient in candy, particularly to achieve special textural effects. Thisis accomplished primarily by controlling the state of crystallization of the sugar and the sugar– moisture ratio.

As you heat the ingredients in the pan, you create what is called a Maillard reaction. This chemical reaction occurs when amino acids in your proteins (butter and condensed milk) is combined with sugar and heat, resulting in a series of reactions that cause the brown color you see and the rich flavors you taste.

To achieve caramelization—and flavor—we first have to cook the sugar to a temperature of at least 320°F (160°C).

Caramelization of sucrose produces large brown molecules (caramelan, caramelen, and caramelin) and small, volatile aroma molecules such as furan, maltol, ethyl acetate and diacetyl. The large brown molecules (caramelin, caramelen and caramelan) are what give caramel its color, its viscosity and its stickiness.

Caramelization is what happens when any sugar is heated to the point that the molecules undergo chemical reactions with oxygen in the air and with each other – the molecules either break apart into smaller molecules, or combine with one another to make larger molecules.

caramel, candy substance obtained by boiling sugar to or beyond approximately 240 °F (115 °C), at which point its mass takes on a slightly yellowish colour and pleasantly burnt smell.

Overall, the science behind the flavour of salted caramel is a complex interplay of taste buds, neurotransmitters, and aroma receptors. The combination of sweet and salty flavours creates a satisfying and delicious taste experience that has captured the hearts and taste buds of people around the world.